WHERE DOES MEDICINE COME FROM?

 

Scientists and doctors have probably spent countless hours developing it. The task of getting a drug to your local pharmacy is complex, arduous, and frequently expensive.Pharmaceutical companies have established elaborate business models for the research, development, and production of molecules to treat diseases.

The first phase of drug development involves laboratory experiments to discover and refine the drug, and the second phase is to test the drug in clinical trials to evaluate the drug’s safety and efficacy in patients. Despite technological advances, there are fewer new medicines approved every year.

Phase 1:

The collection of test molecules can include both man-made molecules and natural products. Through the screening process, a molecule may show potential as a drug by binding to the target biomolecule (i.e., the key for the lock) or killing diseased cells.

Modern drug discovery typically involves a process called high-throughput screening, where thousands of molecules are tested at once for their efficacy against a certain drug target.

Phase Two:

Clinical trials are the stage of drug development where a drug’s effect on humans is tested. At this second phase, often billions of dollars have already been invested in a drug’s discovery and development; this huge investment is a major part of the inherent financial risk in drug development.

Fortunately, the federal government has recognized the urgency of the challenge facing drug discovery and created a new center for drug development at the National Institutes of Health. Drug discovery is a long, laborious process, and only time will tell whether the current strategies will be effective in producing viable remedies.

what is healthcare system ?

 

A healthcare system can be defined as the method by which healthcare is financed, organized, and delivered to a population. It includes issues of access (for whom and to which services), expenditures, and resources (healthcare workers and facilities). The goal of a healthcare system is to enhance the health of the population in the most effective manner possible in light of a society's available resources and competing needs.

Hospitals, clinic and community health agencies can be very different from other work environments. Healthcare systems are complex and there are many things you need to know about types of hospital systems, patient care, insurance, healthcare providers and legal issues. This tutorial will help you learn basic healthcare concepts so you can be successful on the job and understand the system

a health system consists of all organisations, people and actions whose primary intent is to promote, restore or maintain health. This includes efforts to influence determinants of health as well as more direct activities that improve health. A health system is, therefore, more than the pyramid of publicly owned facilities that deliver personal health services but include the institutions, people and resources involved in delivering health care to individuals for example;

•         A mother caring for a sick child at home;

•         A child receiving rehabilitation services within the school setting;

•         An individual access vocational rehabilitation services within the work place;

•         Private providers, behaviour change programmes, such as vector-control campaigns.

Health insurance organisations, occupational health and safety legislation which includes inter-sectoral action by health staff, for example, encouraging the ministry of education to promote female education, a well-known determinant of better health.

Rehabilitation is an essential health service, alongside prevention, promotion, treatment and palliation. In a comprehensive health system, rehabilitation is one of the key services at both the community- and hospital level. The integration of rehabilitation in health systems (across the continuum of care, at all stages of life, and for a range of health conditions) is expected to result in improved coordination with medical and other health services, accountability, quality assurance and sustainability.

How does neuroscience relate to mental health?

Mental health encompasses emotional, psychological, and social well-being. It influences cognition, perception, and behavior. It also determines how an individual handles stress, interpersonal relationships, and decision-making.

Neuroscience and Mental Health group investigates neural and cognitive mechanisms underlying psychiatric symptoms. It can help us understand the underlying molecular factors behind mental disorders, as well as where and how to focus research and treatment. We know that some people have a greater ability to successfully overcome a stressful challenge. By providing in vivo measurements of brain function and structure during mental health treatment, cognitive neuroscience provides a window to observe the relationship between treatment parameters and distinct clinical and functional improvements.

Despite the high value people put on mental health, the survey found that science's role in understanding and alleviating mental health issues seems unclear to many. Less than a third said science can explain a lot about how feelings and emotions work (27%) or can do a lot to help treat anxiety or depression (31%).

The brain systems that underlie cognition, emotions, and behavior; how disturbances in these systems can lead to psychopathology; and the impact of genetic and environmental risk factors across development

We understand the neural and cognitive mechanisms underlying psychiatric symptoms. We utilise experimental techniques drawn from cognitive psychology, functional neuroimaging, psychopharmacology, computational modelling and genetics, both in individuals suffering from mental health problems and healthy volunteers.